The Impact of Expansionary Policies on the Global Trade Balance and Trade Openness: An Empirical Study on a Group of European Union Countries
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47134/jred.v3i3.1174Keywords:
Policies Expansionism, balance commerce Global, openness Commercial, countries Union European, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, HollandAbstract
The research aims to analysis impact Policies expansion, whether Cash or Finance, on balance commerce Global and indicator openness Commercial in group from countries Union European, Which is: Germany, France, Italy, Spain, And the Netherlands, during period Extended From 2015 to 2024. It begins Search from hypothesis Its meaning that Policies expansion, via Its tools different like cut Prices Interest, more Spending Governmental, and programs Facilitation Quantitative, may Affect In a way direct and other direct in performance sector External For this Economies. And I depend Search on Methodology Descriptive - analytical Supported By methods Standard Using Data Panel Data for measurement relationship between Policies expansion and indicators commerce Foreign Ministry with the focus on balance commerce and indicator openness Commercial, to side drawers variables officer like Output Local Total, price Exchange, and rate Inflation. It indicates Results Expected to presence contrast in impact This is amazing Policies between countries Research, where Benefit countries The base Industrial strong like Germany and the Netherlands In a way greater comparison With some countries The other like Italy And Spain, as Reflects openness Commercial level high from integration Economic inside Union European, And get rid of Results to that impact Policies expansion on commerce Foreign Ministry It is characterized Not homogeneity between countries, Which summons coordination greater For policies Economic To ensure stability commercial Sustainable.
References
Aghion, P., Antonin, C., & Bunel, S. (2021). The Power of Creative Destruction: Economic Upheaval and the Wealth of Nations. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674258686
Antràs, P. (2021). Global Production: Firms, Contracts, and Trade Structure. Princeton University Press, United States.
Auerbach, A. J. (2020). Fiscal Policy in the Era of Low Interest Rates. Brookings Institution Press, United States.
Auerbach, A. J., & Gorodnichenko, Y. (2012). Measuring the output responses to fiscal policy. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 4(2), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.4.2.1
Baldwin, R. (2021). The Great Convergence: Information Technology and the New Globalization. Harvard University Press, United States.
Bems, R. (2021). Global Value Chains and Economic Disruptions. International Monetary Fund, United States.
Bernanke, B. S. (2020). The New Tools of Monetary Policy. American Economic Review, United States.
Blanchard, O. (2021). Macroeconomics (8th ed.). Pearson Education, United States.
Borio, C., Disyatat, P., & Juselius, M. (2020). Rethinking potential output: Embedding information about the financial cycle. Oxford Economic Papers, 72(3), 655–677. https://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpaa005
Carstens, A. (2021). Digital currencies and the future of the monetary system. BIS Working Papers, 973. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3925841
De Grauwe, P. (2022). Economics of Monetary Union (13th ed.). Oxford University Press, United Kingdom.
Eichengreen , B. (2022). Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System (3rd ed.). Princeton University Press, United States.
Feenstra, R. C. (2020). Advanced International Trade: Theory and Evidence (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press, United States.
Gali, J. (2019). Monetary Policy, Inflation, and the Business Cycle (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press, United States.
Gopinath, G. (2020). The international price system. Jackson Hole Economic Policy Symposium Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.3386/w21646
Helpman, E. (2021). Globalization and Inequality. Harvard University Press, United States.
Krugman, P. (2020). Arguing with Zombies: Economics, Politics, and the Fight for a Better Future. W.W. Norton & Company, United States.
Lane, P. R. (2022). The EuroArea Macroeconomy: Policy and Challenges. European Central Bank, Germany.
Melitz, M. J. (2018). International Trade and Heterogeneous Firms. Princeton University Press, United States.
Mishkin, F. S. (2019). The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets (12th ed.). Pearson, United Kingdom.
Obstfeld, M., & Rogoff, K. (2021). Foundations of International Macroeconomics (Updated ed.). MIT Press, United States.
Rodrik, D. (2019). Straight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane World Economy. Princeton University Press, United States.
Sapir, A. (2020). European Integration and the Functioning of Product Markets. Bruegel Publications, Belgium.
Stiglitz, J. E. (2022). People, Power, and Profits: Progressive Capitalism for an Age of Discontent. W.W. Norton & Company, United States.
Taylor, J. B. (2020). Monetary Policy Rules (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press, United States.
Woodford, M. (2018). Interest and Prices: Foundations of a Theory of Monetary Policy. Princeton University Press, United States.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Sahar Kareem Gatae Ali
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
